Political organisation - Wikipedia Kinship Terminology. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. When conflict did The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. We hope you find it interesting. We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and the Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages According to the thesis, University of Nairobi. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. southern parts of the country. Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". ." However, the date of retrieval is often important. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems. The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). and created larger political Domestic Unit. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. Orientation This has continued in various guises ever since. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. into the independence era. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Linguistic Affiliation. Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, of as dialects of Acholi. Movement. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. Social Control. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. Political Organization. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. (1976). many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Trade. All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Apoko, Anna (1967). The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. B. K. (1994). Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Political Organization. friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included 1679-1914." Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. Acholi | Encyclopedia.com Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Acholi | people | Britannica Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. London: James Currey. Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. Political Organizations | Internal Revenue Service - IRS tax forms The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Ceremonies. Marriage. Acholi - Minority Rights Group This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. (1936). The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. B.A. Social Organization. . With higher population densities during the dry seasons, groups of families would fall under the rule of one person known as Jago, or clan chief (Cohen & Atieno-Odhiambo, 1968 , p . Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa - CORE [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. time was critical to the social and political development of the region. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. (February 23, 2023). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. interpolity interactions at the county level. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. Bor Lango This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Hunting tracts are owned by clans. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. element of the social and political environment of the region. His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. majority peasant population. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Malandra, Alfred (1939). The Acholi Traditional Approach to Justice and the War in Northern 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b 20- that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. identity is rather disputed. PDF University of Bradford eThesis This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack Even in this . University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. ." Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. more. (p. 34). Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. 13.4 Organizational Politics - Organizational Behavior It does not store any personal data. Traditionally, a young man was dependent upon his lineage head and elders both for permission to marry and for the material goods required for bride-wealth; elders of the woman's lineage were also much involved in the discussions and negotiations surrounding the marriage. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. Due to its central location and the close A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. connected and intertwined chiefdoms. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. Vincent (2012). Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . southern part of the country relatively young.