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The percentage of the countrys population living below the poverty line, as reported by official statistics. While Cuba had Castro, we had the Duvaliers and as a staunch capitalist, I will take Castro over Duvalier. ), sugar cane, cassava, vegetables, plantains, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, milk, pumpkins, mangoes/guavas, rice, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, construction, steel, cement, agricultural machinery, sugar, 5.135 million (2021 est. "We sincerely hope that all of the world's inhabitants . Within the gulf lies Gonve Island, which has an area of approximately 290 square miles (750 square km). The alluvial soils of the plains and valleys are fertile but overcultivated, owing to high population densities in those areas. By 1898, Cuba had gained its impendence from Spain, but another powerful country forced its way into Cuba, and partly undermined the potential for Cubas revolution to succeed.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'studyboss_com-leader-1','ezslot_13',111,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-leader-1-0'); There were a few reasons why Cuba did not accomplish its revolutionary objectives, politically, economically, or socially. Ada Ferrer asserts that the United States involvement was only part of the problem. The youth unemployment rate is calculated as a percent of the total youth labor force. On the other hand, Cuba while gaining its independence, it failed to change socially, economically, or politically. Illicit migration of Cuban nationals to the US via maritime and overland routes has been a longstanding challenge. )exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est. Cities or countries with high population densities can be considered overpopulated, which can be a problem if the infrastructure is underdeveloped. These chapters trace the evolution of Cuba's "sugar revolution," Cuban attempts to deter the import of negros franceses - Saint-Domingue slaves who might foment rebellion and a short-lived alliance between the Spanish army based in the city of Santo Domingo . The DAC adopted ODA as the "gold standard" of foreign aid in 1969 and it remains the main source of financing for development aid . A total of 5 documents are required for applying Cuba tourist visa. A massive magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Haiti in January 2010 with an epicenter about 25 km (15 mi) west of the capital, Port-au-Prince. The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from Spain in 1898 and, following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba became an independent republic in 1902 after which the island experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. )$12,200 (2015 est. The percentage of land covered by forests. [2] This different treatment of migrant laborers is due to several factors. )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Cuba, country of the West Indies, the largest single island of the archipelago, and one of the more-influential states of the Caribbean region. However, a revolution implies grand economic, political, and/or social change and the colonies standing in all three of these spheres remained relatively the same after the war was over. )municipal solid waste recycled annually: 255,536 tons (2015 est. )percent of population: 74% (2020 est. No two countries in the Caribbean have had the sort of international impact as Haiti and Cuba have. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule. The assassination of Haiti's president, growing civil unrest, and . )3.2% of GDP (2019 est. )note: state sector 72.3%, non-state sector 27.7%, agriculture: 18%industry: 10%services: 72% (2016 est. ), conventional long form: Republic of Cubaconventional short form: Cubalocal long form: Republica de Cubalocal short form: Cubaetymology: name derives from the Taino Indian designation for the island "coabana" meaning "great place", name: Havanageographic coordinates: 23 07 N, 82 21 Wtime difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November; note - Cuba has been known to alter the schedule of DST on short notice in an attempt to conserve electricity for lightingetymology: the sites of Spanish colonial cities often retained their original Taino names; Habana, the Spanish name for the city, may be based on the name of a local Taino chief, HABAGUANEX, 15 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Artemisa, Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Mayabeque, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara, 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898 to 1902); not acknowledged by the Cuban Government as a day of independence, Triumph of the Revolution (Liberation Day), 1 January (1959), history: several previous; latest drafted 14 July 2018, approved by the National Assembly 22 December 2018, approved by referendum 24 February 2019amendments: proposed by the National Assembly of Peoples Power; passage requires approval of at least two-thirds majority of the National Assembly membership; amendments to constitutional articles on the authorities of the National Assembly, Council of State, or any rights and duties in the constitution also require approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on the Cuban political, social, and economic system cannot be amended, civil law system based on Spanish civil code, has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt, citizenship by birth: yescitizenship by descent only: yesdual citizenship recognized: noresidency requirement for naturalization: unknown, chief of state: President Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (since 19 April 2018); Vice President Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (since 10 October 2019)head of government: Prime Minister Manuel MARRERO Cruz (since 21 December 2019); Deputy Prime Ministers Ramiro VALDES Menendez, Ines Maria CHAPMAN Waugh, Jorge Luis TAPIA Fonseca, Alejandro GIL Fernandez, Ricardo CABRISAS Ruiz (since 21 December 2019), and Jorge Luis PERDOMO DI-LELLA (since 20 April 2021)cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president and appointed by the National Assemblyelections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (may be reelected for another 5-year term); election last held on 10 October 2019 (next to be held NA)election results: 2019: Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.8%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.1%2018: Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.8%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 100%note - on 19 April 2018, DIAZ-CANEL succeeded Raul CASTRO as president of the Councils of State and Ministers; on 10 October 2019 he was elected to the newly created position of President of the Republic, which replaced the position of President of the Councils of State and Ministers, description: unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular (605 seats; (586 seats filled in 2021); members directly elected by absolute majority vote; members serve 5-year terms); note 1 - the National Candidature Commission submits a slate of approved candidates; to be elected, candidates must receive more than 50% of valid votes otherwise the seat remains vacant or the Council of State can declare another election; note 2 - in July 2019, the National Assembly passed a law which reduces the number of members from 605 to 474, effective with the 2023 general electionelections: last held on 11 March 2018 (next to be held in early 2023)election results: Cuba's Communist Party is the only legal party, and officially sanctioned candidates run unopposed; composition (as of June 2021) - men 273, women 313, percent of women 53.4%, highest court(s): People's Supreme Court (consists of court president, vice president, 41 professional justices, and NA lay judges); organization includes the State Council, criminal, civil, administrative, labor, crimes against the state, and military courts)judge selection and term of office: professional judges elected by the National Assembly are not subject to a specific term; lay judges nominated by workplace collectives and neighborhood associations and elected by municipal or provincial assemblies; lay judges appointed for 5-year terms and serve up to 30 days per yearsubordinate courts: People's Provincial Courts; People's Regional Courts; People's Courts, Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez], ACP, ALBA, AOSIS, CELAC, EAEU (observer), FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since 1962), OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Lianys TORRES RIVERA (since 14 January 2021)chancery: 2630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009telephone: [1] (202) 797-8515 through 8518FAX: [1] (202) 797-8521email address and website: recepcion@usadc.embacuba.cuhttp://misiones.minrex.gob.cu/en/usa, chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Timothy ZUNIGA-BROWN (since 31 July 2020)embassy: Calzada between L & M Streets, Vedado, Havanamailing address: 3200 Havana Place, Washington DC 20521-3200telephone: [53] (7) 839-4100FAX: [53] (7) 839-4247email address and website: acshavana@state.govhttps://cu.usembassy.gov/, five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; the blue bands refer to the three old divisions of the island: central, occidental, and oriental; the white bands describe the purity of the independence ideal; the triangle symbolizes liberty, equality, and fraternity, while the red color stands for the blood shed in the independence struggle; the white star, called La Estrella Solitaria (the Lone Star) lights the way to freedom and was taken from the flag of Texasnote: design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed, royal palm; national colors: red, white, blue, name: "La Bayamesa" (The Bayamo Song)lyrics/music: Pedro FIGUEREDOnote: adopted 1940; Pedro FIGUEREDO first performed "La Bayamesa" in 1868 during the Ten Years War against the Spanish; a leading figure in the uprising, FIGUEREDO was captured in 1870 and executed by a firing squad; just prior to the fusillade he is reputed to have shouted, "Morir por la Patria es vivir" (To die for the country is to live), a line from the anthem, total World Heritage Sites: 9 (7 cultural, 2 natural)selected World Heritage Site locales: Old Havana (c); Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios (c); San Pedro de la Roca Castle (c); Desembarco del Granma National Park (n); Viales Valley (c); Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations (c); Alejandro de Humboldt National Park (n); Historic Cienfuegos (c); Historic Camagey (c), still largely state-run planned economy, although privatization increasing under new constitution; widespread protests due to lack of basic necessities and electricity; massive foreign investment increases recently; known tobacco exporter; unique oil-for-doctors relationship with Venezuela; widespread corruption, $137 billion (2017 est. Haiti Revolts While Cuba Complies: How Revolutionary Movements Differ in Haiti and Cuba Often the term "revolution" makes one think of the Revolutionary War in the American colonies. The total length of the countrys railway network. A long fault line crosses the southern peninsula and passes just south of Port-au-Prince. Haiti is bordered to the east by the Dominican Republic, which covers the rest of Hispaniola, to the south and west by the Caribbean, and to the north by the Atlantic Ocean. Help us by suggesting a value. The two countries share warm relations, and Cuban doctors over the last 20 years have literally saved thousands of Haitian lives working in clinics in far-flung places in the mountainous country. Journal of Social History (1998): 599-614., 599, Last edited on 23 December 2022, at 19:48, "Creole Language and Culture: Part of Cuba's Cultural Patrimony", by Susan Hurlich, 21 May 1998. )-0.16% (2019 est. ), forest revenues: 0.06% of GDP (2018 est. The countrys total land area (excluding inland and sea waters). These are mainly stone tools similar to the ones from the Yucatan peninsula, suggesting these . The real GDP growth rate represents the year-over-year GDP growth, calculated by taking into account the price fluctuations caused by inflation. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. $2.63 billion (2017 est. It would be a great first step and a move in the right direction. [8], Economic restraints amongst Haitians kept education informal and contained in their small communities, as such, very few of these Haitians had anything above a basic level of Creole literacy. Your email address will not be published. Shortly after taking power, Castro adopted communism as the countrys new doctrine, infuriating the U.S. at the height of its own cold war with the Soviet Union. The population pyramids for Cuba and Haiti reveal A) there are more children as percentage of the Cuban population than the Haitian population B) the population of Cuba is stable and older than that of Haiti C) Cuba will expect explosive population growth in coming decades D) life expectancy is longer in Haiti than in Cuba Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The most obvious is the country's tourism boom, which is a new, important source of income on the island. In 1999, he left the New York Times to launch the Haitian Times, a New York-based English-language publication serving the Haitian Diaspora. (Cuba), Unknown. Low unemployment rate indicates better career opportunities and economic growth. Grand blancs and petit blancs on the island wanted France to include them in the decision-making process.var cid='9687976154';var pid='ca-pub-3243264408777652';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-medrectangle-3-0';var ffid=1;var alS=1021%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} This, however, did not last long as both groups soon learned that France would repeatedly go back on the bargains it made with different groups. )wine: 0.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. We lack the educated workforce necessary to move a nation forward. ), improved: urban: 94.8% of populationrural: 87% of populationtotal: 93% of populationunimproved: urban: 5.2% of populationrural: 13% of populationtotal: 7% of population (2017 est. In a scant few years, Cuba was transformed from a sleepy, unimportant island into the major . ), urban population: 77.5% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 0.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. His presidency has seen little change in the government . The percentage of male residents, according to the city's official statistics. Cuba's unique approach to the eradication of extreme poverty sets it apart from other Latin American and Caribbean countries, but the challenge now is how it evolves )imports: 4,000 metric tons (2020 est. The Cuban government has begun to make strides in improving certain elements of the ecosystem, including their much-publicized organic farming and new permaculture system. Some 18.9 million people, or 23% of Germany's population, have either immigrated to the country since 1950 or are the children of . )1 (2014 est. White elites still stayed in power and blacks still faced heavy discrimination. The plateau has an average elevation of about 1,000 feet (300 metres), and access to it is difficult through winding roads. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); In both of these nations, slaves fought against colonial rulers against France and Spain. Explore similarities and differences. View Country Data. It can be nice to live in big cities or countries, as a larger space may offer more options for residents and visitors. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. ), electrification - total population: 100% (2020), installed generating capacity: 7.479 million kW (2020 est. It rises to 8,773 feet (2,674 metres) at Mount Selle, the highest point in the country. The United States and Haiti have a bilateral agreement on investment guarantees that permits the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation to offer programs in Haiti. The United States occupied Cuba until they felt Cuba could maintain itself without their help, but brought along their own racial ideologies with them, and left them there in Cuba. Source: Wikipedia, 2023. [7], Haitians lived in small communities near the sugar cane plantations, very rural and removed from populous cities. )investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est. The ranges western extension on the southern peninsula is called the Massif de la Hotte (Massif du Sud), which rises to 7,700 feet (2,345 metres) at Macaya Peak. )note: private citizens are prohibited from buying computers or accessing the Internet without special authorization; foreigners may access the Internet in large hotels but are subject to firewalls; some Cubans buy illegal passwords on the black market or take advantage of public outlets to access limited email and the government-controlled "intranet"; issues relating to COVID-19 impact research into internet adoption, so actual internet user figures may be different than published numbers suggest, total: 231,654 (2020 est. No products in the cart. )exports of goods and services: 14.6% (2017 est. Jamaica is some 120 miles (190 km) west of the southern peninsula . Currently, the worlds population is growing at a rate of approximately 1.07% per year. Since then, it has graduated 7,290 physicians from the Americas, Africa, the Mideast, Asia and Oceania. Estimates of the number of people killed ranged upward of 200,000, and several hundred thousand others were injured. Cuba has an embassy in Port-au-Prince[1] and Haiti has an embassy in Havana. ), limited available information; estimated 50,000 active personnel (approximately 40,000 Army; 3,000 Navy; 8,000 Air Force) (2022), the military's inventory is comprised of aging Russian and Soviet-era equipment (2022), 17-28 years of age for compulsory (men) and voluntary (men and women) military service; conscripts serve for two years (2022), the FAR has a large role in the Cuban economy through several military owned and operated conglomerates, including such sectors as banking, hotels, industry, retail, transportation, and tourism (2022), US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the facility can terminate the lease, Tier 3 Cuba does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government made some efforts to investigate, prosecute, and convict sex traffickers and sex tourists and identified and provided assistance to some victims; however, no efforts were made to address forced labor; there was a government policy or pattern to profit from labor export programs with strong indications of forced labor, particularly in foreign medical missions; authorities did not protect potential trafficking victims, leaving them at risk of being detained or charged for crimes their traffickers forced them to commit (2020), Cuba is not a major consumer, producer, or transit point of illicit drugs; strict policing on smuggling, production and consumption; prescription drug abuse is increasing, total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, country code - 53; the ALBA-1, GTMO-1,and GTMO-PRfiber-optic submarine cables link Cuba, Jamaica, and Venezuela;satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), Children under the age of 5 years underweight, School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education), International law organization participation, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). Haiti did not fare well in the global economy after it gained its independence, but they were able to dismantle the previous political and social systems that had been in place while they were a colony.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'studyboss_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_11',112,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); This was partly due to the fact that there were few to no whites left on in Haiti once they were independent from France. Many have arrived in recent years due to natural disasters in Haiti such as the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. )methane emissions: 9.3 megatons (2020 est. )$12,100 (2014 est. The percentage of land dedicated to agricultural use, including arable land, permanent crops, and permanent pasture. Im confident that Cuba will rise again and will thrive. In January 2010 another catastrophic earthquake and its aftershocks resulted in severe damage to Port-au-Prince. Auteur de l'article Par ; Date de l'article goodrich funeral orbits durand, wi; brandon burlsworth accident sur how was the development of cuba and of haiti different sur how was the development of cuba and of haiti different We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Two women in Havana,. England, despite its loss to the U.S. and its friction with France, abandoned Haiti and left the country twisting in the wind for nearly a century. [3], Since Hurricane Georges, Cuba has sent medical aid to Haiti in the form of doctors, education and medical supplies. Deforestation has caused much soil erosion, and as much as one-third of Haitis land may have eroded beyond recovery. ), total subscriptions: 6,661,763 (2020 est. However, a lack of resources and housing for these people leads to several of them dying from starvation and disease. The average life expectancy at birth is the number of years that the population of a country is expected to live. During the Insurrection period in Saint Domingue from about 1791 to 1798 there were three different groups fighting against France; slaves, free people of mixed race, and whites. Only 3% of rural Cubans had running water; only 4% had meat to eat; health and education services were virtually non-existent. Download latest HDI dataset. Haiti is a free market economy with low labor costs and tariff-free access to the US for many of its exports. Applicant is not required to be present when applying for Cuba tourist visa. In 1914, the Wilson administration sent U.S. Marines into Haiti. "Haitian Heritage In Cuba As Heard Through Song", Espectros y espejismos: Hait en el imaginario cubano, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Cuban&oldid=1129142415, This page was last edited on 23 December 2022, at 19:48. Haiti was not recognized by the U.S. until 80 years after it became a sovereign nation. The backbone of the island of Hispaniola consists of four major mountain ranges that extend from west to east. How was the development of Cuba and of Haiti similar and different? )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 59 (2020 est. Each group had different reasons why they were unhappy under Frances rule. ), $985.4 million (2017 est. There is a real need . ), total: 4.07 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 4.58 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 3.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 13 (2020 est. Caribbean immigrants represent 10 percent of the 44.5 million immigrants in the United States, with the vast majority coming from just five countries: Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago. Countries or cities with a higher number of hospital beds per 1,000 inhabitants usually have well-developed health care systems. )$134.8 billion (2016 est. )$134.2 billion (2015 est. The domain of the Arawakan-speaking Taino, who had displaced even earlier inhabitants, Cuba was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain in 1492. This was the idea that the authority to govern comes from the people. Buildings collapsed throughout the capital and surrounding region, including many homes as well as large public structures such as the National Palace, the citys cathedral, and hospitals. According to Margaret Chan, the world should follow the example of the island in this arena and replace the curative model, inefficient and more expensive, with a prevention-based system. ODA data is collected, verified and made . Big cities attract companies and business investment, and are usually important cultural centers and research hubs. Under the dictatorship of Toussaint it was unclear who his loyalty was to, and thus he was unseated from power no longer after he gained it.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'studyboss_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_4',106,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'studyboss_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_5',106,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-medrectangle-4-0_1');.medrectangle-4-multi-106{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Haitis former soccer federation president whose lifetime ban from the sport over sexual abuse allegations was overturned last month has announced he is reclaiming his position, Award-winning Haitian broadcaster Michle Montas, who was exiled three times and served as spokesperson for the former United Nations secretary-general, follows the chaos in her country every day from her apartment in New York, Canada says it will send navy vessels to Haiti for intelligence-gathering as part of efforts to quell worsening gang violence in the Caribbean nation, U.S. authorities have arrested four more people in the slaying of Haitian President Jovenel Mose, including the owner of a Miami-area security company that hired former soldiers from Colombia for the mission, In a story published February 9, 2023, about a new U.S. policy stalling adoptions in Haiti, The Associated Press quoted UNICEF in reporting that 1 million children are not going to school as a result of social unrest. Over 3,000 doctors have been sent to Haiti since 1998 and have educated 550 Haitians at Latin American Medical School in Havana with 567 Haitians currently studying at ELAM as of 2010.