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As one Qing official complained:[9]. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. "White Lotus Rebellion Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . }, Page last modified: Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. ", Dai, Yingcong. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. //