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Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. [6][7], The name Efik first appears in historical literature in the nineteenth century. A reconsideration of kp and Abaku suggests an agenda for the study of kp in diaspora from a different perspective. [19] Oku attests that it was the attack on the Efik that made them decide to leave Ikpa Ene as they realised they were still too close to their enemies. A delegation of kp 'leopard' society initiates, as well as family members, traveled from Mamfe, Manyu Division of southwest Cameroon, to Yaound, the Cameroon capital to honor and reclaim the body of their leader and father, who had recently transited to the ancestors. [51] Due to the custom of killing twins, Edem Efiom is said to have aided Okoho Efiom in sneaking out of Creek town to Nsutana. The group has managed to stay mostly hidden for over more than 100 years. The paper critically examined the Ekpe society in its indigenous form and nature prior the advent of Christianity, Western education and Western influence. [61] One of such letters written by King Eyamba V and the chiefs of Old Calabar states: Now we settle treaty for not sell slave, I must tell you something, I want your Queen to do for we. authority as head of the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society. La communaut cubaine Abakudescendante des communauts fik Ekp et Ejagham gb du Sud Est du Nigria et du Sud Ouest du Camerouna t fonde la Havane dans les annes 1830 par des leaders capturs des villages de Cross River. Papers documenting the research materials and scholarly work of Dr. Ivor L. Miller in cultural studies of the African Diaspora. James Beale Horton made a similar assertion in 1868 where he asserted that all the communities of the Niger-delta are traced to the Igbo. Welcome, Love, Peace and Unity in Nsibidi. Aye dates the arrival of the Efik in Creek Town to the fourteenth century. I'm still struggling to understand her choice. Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role. by Web Services Editor. They use a variety of masks to execute social control. Also join us across all of our other channels - we love to be connected! of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. [33][34] Abasi is said to have borrowed an axe from an Uruan woman and had broken the axe. In part because of their appropriation, exclusive use, and understanding of nsibidi, Ekpe members in the pre-colonial past were thought to have access to the spiritual realm and were, therefore, empowered to make and enforce societal rules and norms. [33] Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. [36] According to Aye, "Ikpa Ene could not carry the bulk of Iboku population, Ndodoghi had to accommodate what spilt over, and the two settlements, still under one rule, were separated by the left branch of the river which became their "inland sea". In the traditional Soninke tale of "Gasire's Lute", the son of the king contributes tragically to the fall of his kingdom when he: becomes too impatient to become king himself, gets his own sons killed in battle, becomes a poet-bard rather than wait to become king, causes his own people to rebel against his desire to keep fighting. Among these laws were the Abolition of twin-killings, abolition of the esere bean ordeal, abolition of human sacrifices and several other practices. Ekpe members request nsibidi designs of personal or communal significance. The Ekpe society is estimated by most foreign scholars to have been introduced into Old Calabar in the 18th century. Due to the volume of cultural exchange, many other ethnic groups have often been regarded as being one with the Efik such as Kiong and Efut. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the Efik strategy for filling the international demand for slaves was via obtaining slaves from inland slave traders such as Eniong, Ndokki and Arochukwu. Ukara are made exclusively for members of the Ekpe society, an interethnic men's association found throughout southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. [52] The Captains wrote the acting consul who was stationed at Fernando Po. [32] Another theory states that there was a disagreement between an Efik woman known as Abasi and an Uruan woman. [57] The diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house. After the Efik had settled at Ikpa Ene, a party of men from Uruan arrived at Ikpa Ene. In his well researched thesis titled "Ekpe Imperium in South Eastern Nigeria", Anwana (2002) identified a plenitude of evidences to validate the Ejagham/Ekoi origins of the Ekpe society. the exhibition explores the long- To be a member, one must be a part of Yoruba nobility. Among these included Yams, Fufu and an unidentified type of black soup frequently mentioned in 19th century Old Calabar literature. In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery". "Egbo" redirects here. The Ekpe society had become, by the time Antera Duke began his diary in 1785, the Efik's primary socio-political institution. Google Scholar Aye, E. A. The kp ("leopard") society represents an ancient African institution that provided the supreme functions of governance in the communal societies of the forest regions of the Cross-River basin and the hilly terrain to the east, in what is called today southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. http://Ekpesociety.blogspot.com; www.ekpe.org; http://Ekpesocietyusa.blogspot.com; http://ndiboyevengo.blogspot.com, Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting, Ekpe Chief Maurice Enoh's funeral in Dallas on January 27th and 28th 2012, Maurice Enoh: The 1st Manyu Ekpe USA Sessekou to die in USA, Maurice Enoh returning from his crowning ceremony as Ekpe Chief in Kepelle Village, Ekpe-USA received at the Smithsonian Museum. Children of Efik maternal descent are still regarded as Efik and have contributed to the development of the Efik society. The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. Click to expose navigation links on mobile. Ekpe society was the first tribe to come up with this design and archaeologists have found traces of this fabric even in southwestern Cameroon. After the decline of the slave trade, the Efik transitioned into the business of exporting palm oil from the Cross river. Ndibo Yevengo- Abakua & Ekpe events; Cuba-Calabar Radio . Bell of King Eyo Honesty II at Creek Town, Ekeng ita (also known as James Henshaw), Obong of Henshaw Town (c.a 1875). The Efik (Calabar) caste structure of Ekpe . Eli Bentor, Professor of Art History at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, speaks about the history of ukara cloth and moderates a discussi. Although Duke town is believed to have been occupied since the 15th century by the Enwang, it was not until the 17th century that the Efiom Ekpo families moved in large waves to the site. Oge ruru ka laja nyefee lasha r ya ma gaa rwa r e nyere ya ebe z. Some of the musical instruments that are important in the culture we have discussed are: the bala (balaphon), a kind of xylophone, and the kora, a gourd harp. [76], Prior to the introduction of European-styled clothing, the Efik wore loin clothes made of Raffia (Efik: Ndam). [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. Festival organised by Global Music Exchange (ht. Sunjata's sister, Kolonkan, angers her younger brother Manding Bori when she: uses her powers to take the internal organs from animals he and his brothers killed, without cutting the animals open. For instance any member wronged in an Ekpe district, that is one dominated by the society, has only to address an Ekpe-man or beat the Ekpe drum in the Ekpe-house, or blow Ekpe as it is called, i.e., sound the Ekpe horn, before the hut of the wrong-doer, and the whole machinery of the society is put in force to see justice done. Another account claimed that Efik people introduced the Ekpe between 1720 and 1729 during the initial migration of Calabar. Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 Some meals have been mentioned often in the 19th century historical literature of Old Calabar. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. [69] The Ekpe spirit cannot be seen by the uninitiated and is represented by Idem Iquo, a masquerade dressed in Esk, a multicoloured costume decorated with other traditional accoutrements. [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. She said as a member of the Ekpe Society of the Efiks, she participates in the Ekpe activities. Ekpe Society Emblem, Ejaham, Cameroon Dog Fetish, Vili, Congo Mlbuya (sickness) mask, Pende, Zaire Nimba Mask, Baga, Guinea Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Bust of a Woman, 1931 Tte de taureau (Bull's Head), 1942 La chvre (The goat) 1950 Other references Have you ever thought about starting a secret society? Opinions expressed belong solely to the author and do not represent the views of other Members, Management, or the Community at large. The society is somewhat akin to a free mason group and does some unofficial law enforcement. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. kp had four major roles in pre-colonial life. These are: the oral historians, kings' advisors, poets, and musicians whose power is the ability to manipulate words. Animals such as goats, chicken and dogs are consumed in Efik cuisine. [1] The trade-off is that the Amama often control the majority of the community wealth. The tentative program is as follows: January 27th and 28th, 2012. The persistence oftheAbakua society contradicts the official construction ofa Cuban national identity. Thanks for signing up for our daily insight on the African economy. Also i want bomb and shell. The Ekpe is a men's society found in Abiriba, Aro-chukwu, Ohafia and many other Bende communities in Igbo land, it is a variation of the important Egbo Ejagham ( Ekoi) in the Upper Cross-River as well as the Efik Ekpe Society of Calabar. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. [65] Cannons were shot at the town and every house was levelled to the ground. These artists sew the white cloths with raffia thread so that parts of the ukara (in a pattern of nsibidi symbols) will not be exposed during the dyeing process. nineteenth centuries, no large kingdoms controlled Nigeria and Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. Photo by Eli Bentor. The Ekpe society may be regarded as one of the most important institutions among the Efik people. JavaScript is disabled. Powered by, Ukara cloth detail, Etara community, Cross River State, Nigeria, Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African Diaspora, Introduction: Spirit Dancers, Water Deities & Mystics in the Cross River Basin and in Cuba, Upcoming film project: Seven year kp ritual cycle, Ntufam Bob Oku literature, music and drawings, Calabar Mgb International Journal / Revista Internacional, Calabar-Cuba Radio with Ene Ita and Ivor Miller, Manyu kp Funeral Rites in Yaounde, 2019, Ivor Miller research archive at Amherst College, Manyu kp procession in Yaound, March 29, 2019, Poster for funeral of Seseku Stephen Tataw (1948-2019), Tortoise shell instrument is played in the funerary procession, kp mask purifies the hearse before the procession begins, Funerary shrine representing the sacred forest of kp, kp members surround the shrine for the final rites. The Efik in Nigeria have Nkanda as the basic Ekpe whereas, in Cameroon we have Ekpe as the starting point in Ekpe. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you, Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death, Joshua Project Efik of Nigeria Ethnic People Profile, Souvenir Programme of the Coronation Service of His Royal Highness Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V, Obong of Calabar and Paramount Ruler of the Efiks, Abridgement of the minutes of the evidence, "Souvenir programme of the Coronation of Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V", "Cross river as a model for the evolution of Benue-Congo nominal class/concord systems", https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efik_people&oldid=1131332439, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 17:46. [52] The missionaries respected the native law but the European Captains acted rashly and desired that an example be set on Obutong. It described the religion, social, economic and political structures of the society as progressive and dynamic. It is a male-only society, and members are bound by secrecy. (a) What are the Clowns trying to accomplish in this scene? identity. In its vastness, the Ekpe is a well structured society with semi-caste characteristics, in that, there are categories and titles which one may qualify to be initiated into, while others are strictly reserved for persons of certain status and backgrounds. They give me thesum of $1,200,000 and many thing. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. The ekpo masquerade, occurring to the south and east of Benin, is performed by the warrior age group in ceremonies to purify the village ritually and to maintain health. [32] At night when everyone had gone to sleep, the men from Uruan rose up and began to slaughter their hosts. Free masons were originally an ancient Egyptian fraternity of builders, with Imhotep, as their founder and chief sculptor. The Sunjata Epic is usually understood to tell the story of: the rise and fall of the seven Nubian (Kushite) kings. In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. Archaeological evidence found that the group was extremely advanced in education for its time, and headed the construction of the Valley of the Kings. The symbols are arranged in a grid, giving the cloths an orderly, symmetrical quality that is often reinforced by repeated patterns. [16] Baikie said Ibibio are traced to the Igbo. A fraternal society that emerged in the western culture between the 16th and 7th century. Several types of English dresses were introduced to Efik women such as the Victorian dresses known in Efik as nyny. Welcome to brotherhood Illuminati where you can becomerich famous and popular and your life story we be changetotally my name is Dan Jerry I am here to share mytestimony on how I join the great brotherhood Illuminatiand my life story was change immediately . Aye and Eyo Okon Akak. Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. Okoho Efiom bore the twins at Nsutana and raised them up for years. [48] Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik. Nsibidi is a body of ideographic, abstract, and gestural signs deployed by the Ekpe society as a form of coded communication. [50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. In the culture we have discussed, the term nyama refers to: the power which exists in all things, which can be controlled only by special persons. Several periods have been estimated by foreign scholars and indigenous historians. In the culture we have discussed, the term fadenya refers to: the relationship between father and child, and half siblings - requiring self-assertion, independence, innovation, and competition. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calabar. Ukara cloth, an indigo stitched and dyed cloth is significant to the people of Igbo land. [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". Worn as personal wrappers during initiations and at social events, ukara cloth distinguishes Ekpe members. [9] The largest group moved to Creek town from Ndodoghi led by the priest-king Eyo Ema Atai.[38]. [52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. The dress is often worn with ornaments such as necklaces and earrings made of coral beads. (1985). and Dahomean towns, and among the tribes of Congo and the Cameroon.17 According to the same author, Ngbe, was another society influenced by the Ekoi and originally considered Egb [Ekp]. Body art plays a major role in Ibibio art. Iwewe is a type of boiled yam mashed with a small amount of palm oil and stirred with a spoon. I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. Cameroon-Nigeria Relations, 1884-1961: A Study in Political, Economic and Social Interactions Between Two Nigerian Neighbouring States. [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. [1] Ekpe members always wear masks when performing their police duties, and although individuals may nonetheless be recognized, fear of retribution from the ikan stops people from accusing those members who may overstep their limits. [33] Abasi was angered by the Uruan woman and cursed the Uruan people who started to punish her for her insubordination. [8] The bulk of the Efik can be found in Calabar. The Ekpo/Ekpe society is a significant part of the Ibibio political system. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. The group is a mutual aid society known for elaborate street dances and very high. According to Asuquo, Asibong Eso of Obutong was Old King Robin; Ekpenyong Efa of Adiabo was King John; Ani Eniang Nkot of Mbiabo Ikoneto was Robin King Agbisherea; Oku Ukpong Eton Ani of Mbiabo Ikot Offiong was William King Agbisherea; while Ukorebi Neneng Esien Ndem Ndem of Obomitiat Ikoneto was King Ebrero[55]. "[21] Jeffreys assertion regarding Eburutu being a single Ibibio clan is proven false by earlier definitions of Eburutu by Rev. [49] Several events at Creek town later led to a wave of migration from Creek town to Duke town. And it's a symbol in both. The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. ,sister Watz. Each grade has a chieftain or an Obong. Some other clothings introduced into the market include smit, brutanya, isadh and nkisi. Internal details about the membership and brotherhood demands of this ancient group is supposedly a top secret known only to the members. Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". Our newsletter gives you access to a curated selection of the most important stories daily. You been do very proper for we, and now we want to keep proper mouth. The group is gaining grounds as it seems to incessantly predict the total destruction of the planet earth. For the surname, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Art and Life in Africa: Eket Information" University of Iowa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&oldid=1101939539, This page was last edited on 2 August 2022, at 15:27. The story of The River Between by Ngugi wa Thiong'o, takes place in _________________ (name of present-day country) in the mid 1800's. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the Benue -Congo subfamily of the Niger - Congo language group. Photo by Eli Bentor. The Ekpe Masquerade Jun. What role does religion play in society today? [6] The most popular historical accounts of Efik migration attest a movement from Ibom in Arochukwu to Uruan and from Uruan to numerous settlements along the lower Cross river. The Ekpe-men are ranked in seven or nine grades, for promotion to each of which fresh initiation ceremonies, fees and oaths are necessary.[1]. The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. With the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, a number of foreign clothes were introduced into Efik society. English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. [64] It took several years before the town was rebuilt.[64]. Charles Ekpo Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Nigeria The Cross River region is a vast socio-cultural mosaic which accommodates peoples of distinct ethnic, religious, social, economic and. Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. Omissions? Colonial Anthropologist M.D.W. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors (ikan). Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. This site uses cookies to help personalize content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. We bring you daily editor picks from the best Business Insider news content so you can stay updated on the latest topics and conversations on the African market, leaders, careers and lifestyle. [67] As of 1877, Alexander Ross reported that thirteen towns in the Cameroon region speak Efik and had an aggregate population of about 22,000. of Bamum, of Cameroon in his kingly attire seated on the throne with his chiefs flanked round him (Plate 2). When the threads are cut, the nsibidi designs stand out, white against a deep blue background. The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by Explorers and missionaries. [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. It became a truly multi-group society, finding its' way to almost all groups in the region and gaining dominance in . Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. In The River Between, Waiyaki's father, Chege, is: The new, white man's religion is represented by the: Early in the story, Waiyaki undergoes his "second birth". [53] It was common for Efik traders to take up trading names during the period of the transatlantic slave trade. [19], The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. a warrior-hunter who, despite having been a cripple, becomes the founder of an empire. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the BenueCongo subfamily of the Niger-Congo language group. In the culture we have discussed, the term dalilu refers to: an individual's personal power, knowledge, or ability, inborn but enhanced and developed through training and experience. Additional Touches [42] K.K. The cloth is then dipped in indigo dye and hung to dry. Having associated broadly with foreigners in the pre-colonial era and . Imhotep was a revered personality as he was believed to be with super powers of healing and influencing people and affairs of the community. The traditional attire for men usually consists of a white long-sleeved shirt, a long broad soft neckerchief or scarf of costly material (Efik: kpmkpm) and a wrapper tied around the waist (Efik: Usobo).[83]. Although used exclusively by members of Ekpe, ukara is produced by a sub-group in a village of the Ezillo community in present-day Ebonyi State in the Igbo area in southeastern Nigeria.